National Income Determinants and the Economy of Ghana free essay sample

Real national income refers to the current year production of goods and service valued at base year prices. In estimating national income, only productive activities are included in the computation of national income. In addition, only the values of goods and services produced in the current year are included in the computation of national income. Hence, gains from resale are excluded but the services provided by the agents are counted. Similarly, transfer payments are excluded as there is income received but no good or service produced in return. However, not all goods and services from productive activities enter into market transactions. Hence, imputations are made for these non-marketed but productive activities e. g. imputed rental for owner-occupied housing. Thus, national income refers to the market value or imputed value of additional goods and services produced and services performed in the current period. GDP, GNP, NDP and NNP National income in many countries are either in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP). We will write a custom essay sample on National Income Determinants and the Economy of Ghana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Gross Domestic product (GDP) refers to the total value of goods and services produced within the geographical boundary of a country before the deduction of capital consumption. Net Domestic product (NPD) refers to the total value of goods and services produced within the geographical boundary of a country after the deduction of capital consumption. Gross National Product (GNP) refers to the total value of goods and services produced by productive factors owned by residents of the country both inside and outside of the country before the deduction of capital consumption. Net National Product (NNP) refers to the total value of goods and services produced by productive factors owned by residents of the country both inside and outside of the country after the deduction of capital consumption. Relationship between GDP and GNP GNP = GDP + NPIFA (Net Property Income from Abroad) Net Property Income from abroad refers to the difference between income from abroad and income to abroad. Measurement of National Income There are 3 approaches to measure national income i. e. output approach, income approach and expenditure approach Output Approach Output approach measures national income by adding the total value of the final goods and services produced in the year or by adding the value added by each sector of the economy. Where Value added refers to the difference between the value of gross output of all goods and services produced in a given period and the value of intermediate inputs used in the production process during the same period. In distributive trade, value added is the difference between the gross margin and the cost of intermediate inputs. In the banking sector, value added is the difference between the sum of actual and imputed bank service charges and intermediate inputs. For government services and non-profit institutions, value added is the wages and salaries, and depreciation allowance set aside for consumption of fixed capital. The output approach consists of the sum of value added by each sector in the economy i. e. Agriculture and Fishing, Quarrying, Manufacturing, Utilities, Construction, Commerce, Transport and Communication, Financial and Business Services. Income Approach Income approach measures national income by adding the income earned by the factor owners that are residents of the country, undistributed company profits and government income from economic participation. It excludes transfer payments and stock appreciation because transfer payments and stock appreciation are not due to goods and services performed. Value Added and Contributions to a nation’s GDP * There are three main wealth-generating sectors of the economy – manufacturing and construction, primary (including oil gas, farming, forestry fishing) and a wide range of service-sector industries. This measure of GDP adds together the value of output produced by each of the productive sectors in the economy using the concept of value added. . Value added is the increase in the value of goods or services as a result of the production process Value added = value of production value of intermediate goods Say you buy a pizza from Dominos at a price of ? 10. This is the retai l price and will count as consumption. The pizza has many ingredients at different stages of the supply chain – for example tomato growers, dough, mushroom farmers and also the value created by Dominos as they put the pizza together and deliver to the consumer. Some products have a low value-added, for example cheap tee-shirts that you might find in a supermarket for little more than ? 5. These are low cost, high volume, low priced products. Other goods and services are such that lots of value can be added as we move from sourcing the raw materials through to the final product. Examples include jewelry designer, perfumes, meals in expensive restaurants and sports cars. And also the increasingly lucrative computer games industry.

Lost in translation - Emphasis

Lost in translation Lost in translation Its amazing how many good ideas are lost in translation not from one language to another, but from the brain to the printed page. One reason could be that its so tempting, when you suddenly find that youre unable to get your idea down on paper effectively, to throw more words at the problem. Yet the solution is often to do quite the opposite, and keep it simple. Take a recent Department of Health guidance document, which should have been issued with its own health warning: The aim of this resource pack is to help organisations promote and implement the use of an HR Leadership Qualities Framework that describes those behaviours which enhance NHS HR capacity and capability to improve the patient experience. Why complicate matters? Try using: This pack will help you promote and introduce an HR leadership qualities framework. In turn, this will help improve the service we give patients. Then theres this example from a recent invitation to tender (specifics changed to protect the guilty): Description/objective of the contract: To provide evidence on the extent to which north west organisations needs for enhanced and modified skills and knowledge among their existing adult employees are being met. This description is not unusually bad. It may even make perfect sense to you. But its extremely unlikely that the author would have described their objective like this if youd asked them to explain it over a cup of coffee. Instead, they might have said something like: We want to discover how far employees of companies in the north west have improved their skills and knowledge. Yet something stopped them using clear, simple language when they started writing. They forgot that their reader is no more likely to enjoy reading dense, turgid documents than they are. Its as if people feel they have to impress others with their language and use of corporate jargon. They ignore the fact that professional people today simply do not have time to decipher poor documents. So you need to be efficient to make sure your message doesnt get lost in a mountain of other documents, letters and emails. Inefficient writing wastes millions of pounds every year and documents are often four or five times longer than they need to be. These documents take much longer to read than they should have to that is, if people read them at all. As a result, your good ideas might go to waste. Here are three tips to help you with your writing: Clarify your key message before you begin, by writing a short three-sentence statement to sum up the issues you want to cover. Plan your document too before you write it. Never use the writing process to work out what you think. You might be clearer when you reach the end of the document, but your reader is more likely to be confused. Instead, separate the thinking process from the writing, and do the thinking first. Dont be afraid to use short, punchy words, and to be less verbose. It doesnt mean that you are dumbing down. Its fine to use jargon as long as youre certain that your reader will understand it. But you can still use plain language between the jargon. Flowery language just makes for heavy reading. Why say, Were currently involved in the implementation of something, when you can just say Were implementing it?

Sexual Harassment in Law Enforcement Research Paper

Sexual Harassment in Law Enforcement - Research Paper Example eneral overview of the situation; analysis of existent barriers to female recruitment, employment and advancement in the field; the dynamics of sexual harassment in the field; and, the impacts that sexual harassment has on the health of officers subject to it. In June 2006 Scott Bushway (Deputy Chief of Police, Walpole, Massachusetts) presented an overview of the situation in the Police Department Disciplinary Bulletin. He characterized the gender-based issues confronting women in policing as threefold: â€Å"gender discrimination, sexual harassment, and the negative attitudes of fellow officers.† He also opined that â€Å"the latter is probably most significant.† (Bushway, 2006, p. 1) He identified fear of sexual harassment as the principle recruiting problem for departments hoping to increase the proportion of female officers on their force. To counteract this he insists that more than lip-service must be paid to the issue and that annual distribution of sexual harassment policies is inadequate. He advocates an increased emphasis on sexual harassment during officer training. He also advocates regularly scheduled harassment interviews for male and female employees that â€Å"should be conducted by the command staff and should be documented and acknowledged by the employee.† He also writes that these interviews should include direct questions about being the victim of sexual harassment and/or a perpetrator of sexual harassment. These are important, he argues, because sexual harassment, like sexual assault, is under reported because victims are embarrassed or lack confidence in the system in the system. (Bushway, 2006, p. 2) He also argues that a sexual harassment policy must be formulated and widely circulated. The policy must make plain that sexual harassment is an offense even if it is restricted to demeaning comments: Assault is sexual harassment but so are many other behaviors that male officers may perceive as minimal, such as dirty jokes or pinup posters.

The concept of Open Markets and Closed Borders. HLSs311 Forum 2 Assignment

The concept of Open Markets and Closed Borders. HLSs311 Forum 2 - Assignment Example Keeping the borders closed would also cause huge inconveniences from people travelling in and out of the country. Such interventions may have far-reaching effects on the country’s economy. Even if the borders present an opportunity for terrorists and other illegal activities, such as illegal immigration, the country cannot afford to keep the borders closed. This may explain the reason the DHS has increased its presence along the border to secure legitimate travel and trade (Department of Homeland Security, 2011). Business organizations in the United States target numerous foreign markets that may require constant travels across border. If such activities are restrained, such organizations may incur huge losses. Therefore, the government should continue with its efforts aimed at securing the border without necessarily closing it. The ‘need to share’ should replace the ‘need to know’ as reflected in the 9/11 commission report. According to the report, the United States may have been attacked owing to policy issues. Before 9/11, the United States did not consider terrorism as an overriding national security issue (The 9/11 Commission, 2004). This ideology is a reflection that even if the country understood that terrorism was a threat to security, it underestimated the potential consequences. If information regarding the growth of Islamic extremism was available to security agencies. In fact, the commission asserted that the 9/11 attack was more of a shock than a surprise. The FBI also manifested its weaknesses in terms of its capability to link information collected by its agents to identify threats to the national security (The 9/11 commission, 2004). The commission also revealed that the country’s security agencies failed to manage information from the unique challenges of th e 21st century. This is an indication that, the country’s security agencies could have identified

The christian faith Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The christian faith - Literature review Example Schleiermacher asserts that the Church is  nothing  rather than a spiritual  union  in  association  to  piety. It is not a knowing and not even a doing; rather, it is an  alteration  of feeling, or of  instantaneous  self-consciousness. In this case,  feeling  is employed  in a scientific  manner  in order to  portray  a  clear  mental  state  within self-consciousness without including the  unconscious  phases. According to Schleiermacher, a feeling that comprises of not knowing or Doing tends to be the  real  meaning  of piety (Schleiermacher 1928, p.10).  On the other hand, knowing, and doing are  relevant  to  piety, and this is a  phase  that merges them with a feeling.  However,  piety  continues being a  distinctive  feeling,  exclusive  amongst all the other feelings since it is the  conscious  that is  wholly  dependent. The feeling of dependence tends to expresses an  interest  that   is affected  by some exterior forces, yet  merely  the  feeling  of dependence tends to be complete.  Schleiermacher articulates that feelings of  complete  dependence on God are the greatest  level  of  instantaneous  self-consciousness, which turns out to be a significant  factor  human  nature. ... Each  communal  piety contains an  outward  unity, as well as an inward unity. According to Schleiermacher, outward  unity  defines the characteristic origin of every religion, while, on the other hand,  inward  unity is the  weird  type that the religious emotions, as well as their utterances  undertake  in every. Therefore, any declaration of God that is to be operational within a person expresses the relationship between God and people, as well as  human  incompleteness in relation to God. Christianity tends to be a monotheistic  faith  differentiated by the fact that everything contained in it connects to the salvation brought about by Jesus of Nazareth (Schleiermacher 1928, p.52). The only  way  of gaining involvement in the Christian communion is through having faith in Jesus since he is the Redeemer. In The Christian Faith, Schleiermacher asserts that there is no midway between  faith  and the partaking in the Christian communion; faith in this case being dependant not just on the impulsive activity of human beings changing into believers, but also on the impulsive action of the communion, as the  root  under which the  testimony  goes ahead in the initiation of faith. The Christian Faith brings out the issue of Christian doctrines, which are descriptions of Christian  religious  love, which  is illustrated  in  speech  (Schleiermacher 1928, p. 76). Schleiermacher makes a distinction between the dogmatic suggestions and Christian sermonizing, by describing the former as beliefs of moralistic kind, and the latter as  primarily  the  speech  and  appearance  that contain a  directly  inspiring  effect. Therefore, a person turn into a pro of Dogmatic

Causes of the Little India Riots

Causes of the Little India Riots Introduction In December 2013, an alarming incident hit Singapore and shocked the entire world. Newspaper, reports on it spread across the globe. This incident is no other than the Little India’s Riot. The severity of this issue had sent different messages to the different communities in Singapore. For instance, the government realized the need to look into the issue of migrant workers, Singaporeans preconceived stereotype of these migrant workers worsen and migrant workers possibly losing a place where they can get to enjoy the sense homeliness that they missed dearly. Hence as a result of this highly discussed incident in Little India, I have decided to take a closer look at Little India and the tension that was built up among the residents and the migrant workers there. Prior to this incident, based on a research by T.C. Chang (2000), most of the initial displeasures came from the non-Indian community living in Little India. (Chang, 2000) However, the result of the riot had sparked off increasing concerns from the Indian residents as well. The riot did not occur due to the tension built up but it certainly did amplify the concerns residents have on the migrant workers and their existence. In this paper, we will look at the history of Little India and the present situation, followed by the reasons for the migrant workers’ gatherings and finally the cause of these tension built up to provide a better picture on how the co-presence of migrant workers and residents created tension. However, prior to that, I would like to introduce certain geog raphical terms that will be used throughout this paper which are mainly, space, place and identity. Space in geography is often used in doing spatial analysis. There are many definitions of space available in the different literatures. However, in the context of this paper, we will be looking at Cognitive Space. Cognitive Space is often used when space is shaped by human’s values and thinking. It is bounded by settings which comprises the identities and relations people have with it. Hence, neither space nor place can exist without one another. (Agnew, 2011; Furland, 2008; Mazà ºr Urbà ¡nek, 1983; Horodniceanu, n.d) According to Edward Relph’s book titled Place and Placelessness (1980), he defined place as â€Å"fusions of human and nature order and are the significant centers of our immediate experiences of the world†(p. 141). In order words, place is somewhere where an individual or group has a strong sense of attachment to, creating a sense of identity with the place. (Monnet, 2011; Hauge, 2007; Tuan, 2001; Seamon, 1996; Relph, 1980) In short, space, plac e and identity are often interlinked and one could not exist without another. Having said that, with a brief introduction to these key terms, we will move on to take a closer look at the issue mentioned. History of Little India Little India is not quite like how it is termed. It was never a designated ethnic enclave, dominated by one particular community, unlike Chinatown. However, under the development of Singapore and the cattle trading industry in the mid-1800s in Little India, it had attracted many Indian traders and laborers coming into Little India and eventually settling down there. The increasing growth of the Indian population during the 19th and 20th century led to the numerous cultural and religious landmarks such as Hindu temples that can still be observed today. By then, Little India was dominated by the Tamil-speaking south Indians. The commercial and retail activities catered specifically to this specific community grew rapidly. Even though it was predominantly occupied by the Indians, there were Chinese and Eurasians inhabitants as well. Hence, Little India is considered have a multi-ethnicity population and not just the Indian community. The diversity of population is showcased through the wide array of worship places in the area catering to the different communities and religions which can be found as architectural landmarks in Little India today. (Chang, 2000; URA, 1995; Wong, n.d) Present situation Fast forward to today’s context, it is undeniable there has been an increasing trend in the number of migrant workers coming into Singapore seeking for job opportunities. Based on the statistics obtained from the Ministry of Manpower Singapore, the number of work permits issued for the construction industry increased from 180,000 as of December 2007 to 306,500 in June 2013 (Ministry of Manpower, 2013). The number of foreign workers working in the construction industry had increased by close to 40% as of the figure in 2007. You might be wondering why the emphasis on migrant workers in the construction industry. This is because large percentage of them came from South Asian and shared a similar culture of the Indians. As such, Little India became a place where they gather during the weekends, converting public and private spaces in their own diaspora third spaces. (Yew, 2014) Their presence had also caused an undeniable change in the landscape of Little India. For instance, Beng ali is now the second mostly widely seen and spoken language in Little India. There are also increasing numbers of Bengali restaurants selling Bengali cuisines and even retail shops selling Bengali products set up along the streets of Little India. The characteristics of a street in South Asian can be seen transported into the streets of Little India, replacing many of Little India’s very own characteristics. (Yew, 2014) This process of place-making is also known as personalization. It refers to putting a distinctive mark on a place and it can be in the form of physical changes or attitudinal changes. In this case, we can see that the influence of these migrant workers had created both tangible and intangible forms of personalization on Little India. (Garcia, 2012) The touch of personalisation further entice them into visiting Little India as based on the article â€Å"Home away from Home† by The Straits Times (2013), Little India provides them with the sense of homeli ness, which they had left behind to seek job opportunities in Singapore. It is also estimated that the numbers of migrant workers going to Little India on Sundays can hit more than 30,000. Reasons This increasing trend had caused tension to build up between them and the residents creating an insider-outsider dichotomy in Little India. (Chang, 2000) An insider refers to someone that has a sense of social belonging and is adapted to fit the space while an outsider, is someone who does not feel belonged and feels culturally out of place. According the Edward Relph (1980), there are different forms of insideness and outsideness. In the context of Little India, the residents themselves take up the identity as existential insiders. It is only possible for people who live in that place and had developed a strong sense of belonging and identity with it. The migrant workers on the other hand are incidental outsiders whereby the place was just a setting where they have their activities at. (Relph, 1980) As a result of the co-existence of these two communities in one place, one as an insider and the other as an outsider, a dichotomy will follow because of the different importance the pla ce plays for them. Residents, as insiders, will value the place much more than the migrant workers as the place provides them with a sense of belonging, attachment and identity and played an important role in their daily lives as it is the place where they live and play. The migrant workers on the other hand may only refer Little India as a place for them to gather over the weekends as it provides them the sense of homeliness. (Chan et al., 2013) Therefore, because of different importance Little India plays for the different community, certain behaviors or actions carried out by the â€Å"outsiders† in it may be deemed as unacceptable by the â€Å"insiders†. The unacceptance of the actions hence creates a tension build up between the two. In addition, the sense of insideness and belonging the residents had of Little India also portrayed an implicit sense that they entitled more rights to the space compared to the â€Å"outsiders† and that these public spaces should not be â€Å"owned† by the â€Å"outsiders† during the weekends. However, no one actually legally owns these public spaces. (Yew, 2014) Hence, as a result of these prejudice ownership of rights of the residents and the tension built up overtime, these common spaces where these migrant workers tend to frequent in large numbers were constructed into social problems as their attempts in reclaiming of public spaces. (Yew, 2014; Chang, 2014; Berlenger et al. 2012; Garcia, 2012) The increasing trend of tension build up could be seen from the increasing numbers of reports on the complaints residents had lodged on the migrant workers because of their misconduct. Most of the residents interviewed voiced that the presence of these migrant workers was a major issue that should be looked at. Many complained of their rowdiness under void decks, loitering and even claimed to feel unsafe. This is especially so after the recent riot that occurred in Little India in December 2013. (Yahoo, 2013; Lee, 2013; Gan, 2011; Chang, 2014) However, I feel that besides the insider-outsider dichotomy inside Little India between the residents and migrant workers, the concept of â€Å"othering†, the marginalization of migrant workers in Singapore is highly applicable to the reason for tension build up as well. (Rubdy Mckay, 2013; Vincent et al., 2006) Migrant workers coming into Singapore has always been seen as an â€Å"other† on Singapore landscapes and were marginalized by society. The preconceived stereotype the general public had of the migrant workers often associate it with the 3’Ds which are dirty, difficult and dangerous. (Yew, 2014; Rubdy Mckay, 2013; Vincent et al., 2006) Hence, because of the jobs they are involved in, mostly construction, they are often seen as the â€Å"foreign, lowly and othered pariahs in society† (Rosanow, n.d). These perceptions could be due to the lack of exposure to these workers or even hearsay. Even though there were efforts made by the government, it is still not possible to erase the fundamental relationship between Singaporeans and the migrant workers that had built up for a long time. Hence, due to the preconceived stereotypes the general public had of migrant workers and the increasing numbers of migrant workers, it amplified the anxieties of alterity residents had of the migrant workers in Little India. This increasing sense of alterity is also one of the possible causes of insider-outsider dichotomy in the area, thus creating tension due to unacceptability. Hence, we can say that the issue of marginalization of foreign workers in general among Singaporeans had played a part in contributing to the formation of the insider-outsider dichotomy. Conclusion In conclusion, the increasing number of migrant workers coming into Singapore had created tension between the locals and them. Tension built up could be due to the preconceived idea people have of these workers and hence rejecting them placing their footsteps on Singapore’s landscape or becoming part of their â€Å"space†. This rejection can be seen through the insider-outsider dichotomy as mentioned above. These signs of tension between residents and migrant workers are not only observed in Little India. Places such as Lucky Plaza in Orchard Road and Golden Mile are areas that face similar issues like those in Little India where there is a constant build-up of tension because of the increasing number of migrant workers gathering in these areas. This tension will continue to grow if neither Singaporeans nor migrant workers are willing to change their mindsets. Singaporeans ought to keep an open mind about these migrant workers while the workers become more sensitive to their environment and the feelings of the residents. Singaporeans have to learn to appreciate their existence on Singapore landscapes, the role they play in our society and not judge them based on the work they are involved in. It is the only way to prevent continual build-up of tension as it is an undeniable fact that Singapore needs these workers to sustain its development. Bibliography Berlenger, H., Cameron, S., Mora, C. d. (2012). Place Identity and the experience of Public Space: Revitalisation. Restorativeness, and Transformation. In H. Casakin, F. Bernando, Role of Place Identity in the Perception, Understanding, and Design of Built Environments (pp. 47-91). SAIF Zone, Sharjah, UAE: Bentham Science Publishers. Chang, R. (2014, January 26). Supper Club: Denise Phua: Put ourselves in Little India residents shoes, The Straits Times: SingaPolitics. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from: http://www.singapolitics.sg/supperclub/denise-phua-put-ourselves-little-india-residents-shoes Chang, R., Mokhtar, M., Yong, C. (2013, December 17). Little India Home Away From Home, The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/case-you-missed-it/story/little-india-home-away-home-20131217 Chang, T. C. (2000). Singapores Little India: A Tourist Attraction as a Contested Landscape, Urban Studies. 37(2), 343-366. Furland, E. B. (2008). The effect of development in Little India and Chinatown, Singapore, from third to first world country. Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Department of Geography. Trondheim. Gan, L. K. (2011, June 20). The New Paper: Little India Residents Woes, AsiaOne News. Retrieved February 9, 2014, from: http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110620-285089.html. Garcia, J. H. (2012). Open Spaces in Informal Settlements in Bogota, Expressions of Attachment and Identity. In H. Casakin, F. Bernardo, Role of Place Identity in the Perception, Understanding, and Design of Built Environments (pp. 92-106). SAIF Zone, Sharjah, UAE : Bentham Science Publishers . Hage, G. (2006). Insiders and Outsiders. Sociology: place, time and division. Hauge, A. L. (2007, March 1). Identity and place: a critical comparison of three, Architectural Science Review. 2-6. Horodniceanu, O. (n.d). Space, Place, Idenity, Geographical Approaches Lee, K. L. (2013, December 10). Safety of Little India’s residents can be improved, Today Online: Voices. Retrieved February 9, 2014, from: http://www.todayonline.com/voices/safety-little-indias-residents-can-be-improved Mazà ºr, E., Urbà ¡nek, J. (1983). Space in Geography. GeoJournal, 7(2), 139-143. Ministry of Manpower. (2013, June). Foreign Workforce Numbers, Ministy of Manpower. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from: http://www.mom.gov.sg/statistics-publications/others/statistics/Pages/ForeignWorkforceNumbers.aspx#sthash.vIDdObHR.dpbs Monnet, J. (2011). The symbolism of place: a geography of relationships between space, power and identity (Vols. (1278-3366)). Cybergeodo. Relph, E. (1980). Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Limited. Rosanow, G. A. (n.d). Home Away from Home Social Support Network for Migrant Workers , Kitakyushu Forum for Women. Rubdy, R., Mckay, S. L. (2013). Foreign Workers in Singapore: Conflicting discourses, language politics and the negotiation of immigrant identities. De Gruyter Mouton. Seamon, D. (1996). A Singular Impact: Edward Relphs Place and Placelessness. In Environmental and Architectural Phenomenology Newsletter (Vol. 7, pp. 5-8). Selten, M., Zandt, F. v. (2012, September 19). Space vs Place. Human Geography Knowledge Base Retrieved March 3, 2014, from http://geography.ruhosting.nl/geography/index.php?title=Space_vs._place Tuan, Y.-F. (2001). Space and Place: The Perspective Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Urban Redevelopemnt Authority. (n.d). Conservation-Little India, Urban Redevelopment Authority. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from: http://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/conservation/conservation-xml.aspx?id=LTIN Urban Redevelopment Authority. (1995). Little India- Historic District. Singapore. Vincent, J. A., Shiuan, O. S., Subto, S. F., Manhong, Y., Jing, Y. Y. (2008). The Attitudes of Tertiary Students toward Foreign Construction Workers. Ngee Ann Polytechnic. Wong, S. Y. (n.d). Not such a Little India, Reclaim Land. Retrieved February 9, 2014, from: http://reclaimland.sg/rl/?p=30 Yahoo News: Shopkeepers,residents,visitors responds to Little Indias riot. (2013, December 9). Retrieved from http://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-charge-24-indian-workers-rioting-044957734.html Yew, L. (2014). Asianism and the Politics of Regional Consciousness in Singapore. In L. Yew, Asianised Landscapes and the transculturation of Singapore (pp. 174-205). United States of America: Routledge.

International Elements of Saddam Hussein’s Conflicted Iraq: Shifting Allies, Resolute Foes :: Essays Papers

International Elements of Saddam Hussein’s Conflicted Iraq: Shifting Allies, Resolute Foes The Iraqi state has undergone significant change since Saddam Hussein’s rise to power in 1979. As with most nations, global international relations have played a formative role in Iraqi decision-making, just as Hussein’s oft-presumptuous initiatives have affected other nations’ relationships with Iraq. It is widely acknowledged that Hussein has systematically violated the human rights of many Iraqi citizens. In this sense, the current U.N. and U.S. military pressure on Iraq has a viable humanitarian platform in addition to economic motives. However, as war looms progressively nearer, it is advisable to evaluate the efficacy of comparable past efforts in order to make prudent decisions for the future. In the pursuit of a more acute comprehension of Iraqi international relations, this paper traces the political history of modern-day Iraq with an emphasis on foreign relations as influenced by Saddam Hussein’s leadership. The modern Iraqi state had its beginnings as part of the massive Ottoman Empire. Iraq did not exist as a state under Ottoman rule; rather, where modern Iraq is now, there were three â€Å"vilayets,† the districts of Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul. Due to the sprawling nature of the Ottoman Empire, coupled with a somewhat tenuous conquest, the vilayets had a remarkable amount of administrative and economic autonomy. The three areas actually had less in common with each other than with other regions well through the middle of the nineteenth century. Basra had strong relations with the Gulf and India, Baghdad was a critical link for Syria and Iran, and Mosul was closely tied to Anatolia and Aleppo (Farouk-Sluglett & Sluglett, 2). However, the second half of the nineteenth century saw Istanbul taking a more passionate interest in exerting greater control over even its most inaccessible territories. Through an amalgam of new Ottoman laws and administrative arrangements, known as the â€Å"Tanzimat,† common reforms and practices were established for all three Iraqi vilayets. The Tanzimat had the predictable effect of increasing cross-wilayet homogeneity. Simultaneously, European commercial interest in the region was rising rapidly. Most notably, Great Britain’s commercial activity in the area skyrocketed during this period. The economic trajectory of the region responded in a gradual shift from the pattern of a subsistence economy toward an export-oriented economy, a trend that was not to be short-lived.